Acknowledgement

Introduction

Table of Contents

Appendices

- National Circumstances
 
- Greenhouse Gases Inventory
 
- Energy
 
- Industrial Processes Inventory
 
- Solvent and Other Product Use

- Agriculture
 
- Land Use Change and Forestry
 
- Waste Management
 
- Summary of Baseline Scenario
 
- Baseline Scenario Without
  Climate Change

- Expected Impacts of Climate Change
 
- Project Proposals & Recommendations
  for Future Work
 
- Bio-Climatic Zones
 
- Constraints Facing Climate Change Studies

 
2.2.1 INTRODUCTION

The aim of this section is to report the results of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventory for the year 1994. The following GHG are of interest in the energy sector: carbon dioxide CO2, methane CH4, nitrous oxide N2O, oxides of nitrogen NOx, carbon monoxide CO, sulphur dioxide SO2 and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs). The inventory has focused on the following GHG related sources:

1- Electricity generation through the electric utility.
2- Private generation of electricity.
3- Manufacturing industries and construction.
4- Transport: road, domestic aviation, and national navigation.
5- Energy use in the residential sector.
6- Energy use in the commercial/institutional sector.
7- Energy use in the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector.

The fuel types taken into consideration are: gasoline, jet kerosene, kerosene for household use, gas oil, diesel oil, fuel oil, LPG, lubricating oil, coal, wood and charcoal (solid biomass). Care has been taken to eliminate the fuel used by international marine and aviation bunkers from the national inventory.

The amount of GHG released to the atmosphere has been estimated using the IPCC methodology and emission factors [1,2]. Where national emission factors differed from those of IPCC, the factors are discussed. Complete documentation of compiled information and data sources are attached to this report in the Appendix.

Finally, it is worth mentioning that both the reference approach and analysis by source categories have been carried out and are reported in this inventory.

2.2.2 ENERGY STATUS IN 1994

The energy sector in Lebanon plays an important role in the overall development of the country. Apart from a modest amount of hydropower and traditional energy (wood and charcoal), which together represent less than 2 % of energy consumption, all energy in Lebanon is derived from imported petroleum products and some coal (180000 T used by two cement factories). Prior to the war, there were two refineries in operation, but both were badly damaged and are currently out of operation [3].

Total consumption of petroleum products in Lebanon in 1994 was of 3,830,628 Tons [3] covering the following types of fuel: gasoline, gas oil, jet kerosene, LPG, fuel oil, bitumen, kerosene for domestic use and lubricants.

A. The Petroleum Sector

The petroleum and gas sector is the responsibility of the Ministry of Petroleum (MoP). The executing agency is the Directorate of Petroleum, responsible for licensing import activities, import and refining of crude oil, import of fuel oil, and setting prices for petroleum products. Until 1988, the government retained a monopoly over the petroleum market, but a number of private companies have subsequently been authorised to import and distribute petroleum. A total of 21 companies [3,8] are importing petroleum in addition to the government and large industries. In addition to importing companies, 84 private companies are involved in the distribution of petroleum products to 2022 gas stations, responsible for the distribution of petroleum products to end users.

B. The Electricity Sector

Electricity is supplied through the electric utility EDL (Electricite du Liban), an autonomous state-owned entity under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Hydraulic and Water Resources (MHWR). The electricity generating plants comprise the following units [4,8]:

- 15 hydro-electric plants having a combined capacity of 281 MW constituting 19% of the total nominal capacity. The Awali plant is the largest of these with 109.5 MW capacity.
- three major thermal plants with combined nominal capacity of about 1300 MW, comprising Zouk (61% of capacity), Jieh (26%) and Hrayshe (13%).

In 1994, electricity production was evaluated at 5184 GWh [4](taking into account network losses). Because EDL is unable to continuously provide electricity, many domestic, industrial and commercial users have supplemented EDL supplies with their own private generators. The share of electric generation in Lebanon in 1994 was: EDL:66%, Domestic and Commercial: 12% and Industry: 22% [4].

At present, the electricity sector in Lebanon is approaching the end of a major rehabilitation program which resulted in refurbishing all its physical components, and upgrading its generating capacity. EDL will be subjected to an extensive extension program whereby modern technologies, managerial skills and planning techniques will be introduced in order to improve the efficiency and quality of services.

C. The Transport Sector

Since 1993 transport functions have been the responsibility of the Ministry of Transport (MoT) [8]. The Directorate General of Civil Aviation and the Directorate General of Land and Marine Transport operate under the MoT. The Railways and Public Transport Authority (RPTA), which is an independent public authority also functions under the supervision of the MoT. The classified road network in Lebanon is made up of 6295 km of paved roads. This network includes 523 km of international highways, 1640 km of major roads, 1352 km of secondary roads and 2770 km of local roads. The size of the vehicle fleet in Lebanon is estimated at 1.1-1.2 million. The rail system is made up of 428 km but was badly damaged during the war. In 1994 the rail system was not functioning [3].

2.2.3 ESTIMATIONS OF EMITTED GREENHOUSE GASES USING THE REFERENCE APPROACH

The total amount of liquid secondary fuels that was imported to Lebanon in 1994 was
3,830,628 Tons, broken down as shown in Table 2.9:

 
Table 2.9.  Fuel imports by type
 

The use of solid fuel and biomass fuel is minor and confined to the use of 160000 Tons of wood [11], 1560 Tons of charcoal [7] and 180000 Tons of coking coal [8]. The lubricants were estimated as follows [6,8]: 197 Tons used by EDL and 102 Tons used by private generators.

The conversion and carbon emission factors as well as the fraction of carbon oxidised and stored used for all fuel types are those recommended by the IPCC methodology.

Data on international bunkers in Lebanon were restricted to international aviation because the amount of fuel that goes on international marine has never been documented and is believed to be minor [10]. Domestic aviation is almost non existent in Lebanon and therefore all imported jet kerosene goes on international aviation except for 1910 Tons used by few training planes [9].

The actual CO2 emissions as obtained from the reference approach are shown in Table 2.10.

Table 2.10.  Actual CO₂ emissions from various fuels
 

2.2.4 ESTIMATIONS OF EMITTED GREENHOUSE GASES USING THE SECTORAL APPROACH

This section reports the greenhouse gases emitted from various sectors, namely, energy industries, manufacturing industries and construction, transport, residential, commercial/institutional, and agriculture/forestry/fishing. The conversion and carbon emission factors as well as the fraction of carbon oxidized and stored used for all fuel types are those recommended by the IPCC methodology.

A. Energy industries

In Lebanon, the term energy industries relates only to the electric utility EDL. In this sector, the types of fuel used are gas/diesel oil, fuel oil and lubricants as described by Table 2.11. Also Table 2.11 reports the CO2 emissions from the energy industry sector.

Table 2.11.  Fuel types used by EDL
 

B. Manufacturing industries and construction

Table 2.12 describes the fuels used by this category as well as the CO2 emissions.

Table 2.12.  Fuel types used by the manufacturing industries and construction
 

The gas/diesel oil used in this sector was estimated at 52% of the total fuel imported to the country [8]. The fuel oil is calculated as the total imported minus the EDL consumption. The consumption of LPG by this sector is estimated as follows: The total import of LPG is 146000 Tons [5]. Out of this 110360 Tons are used by households and 14580 Tons are used by the commercial/institutional sectors. The remaining amount which is 21060 Tons is used in industry applications. Such estimations are based on the assumption that the consumption of LPG and electricity are similar. Figures for electricity consumption were taken from [6, 4].

The consumption of coking coal was taken from [8] and the lubricants consumption is, as mentioned in section 1.3, about 34% of total imported lubricants.

C. transport

In this analysis, domestic aviation, road transport, national navigation and international bunkers are reported. The types of fuel used under this category are given in Table 2.13.

Table 2.13.  Fuel types used by the transport sector
 

Information on international bunkers is restricted to international aviation. The fuel used by the latter is 144000 Tons and the CO₂ emissions are 454.507 Gg.

The consumption of gas/diesel oil is estimated at:
- Road: 5% of total gas/diesel oil import based on reference [8].
- Navigation: 29.2 Tons based on a field survey covering the Saint    George and Riviera Hotels [13].

The consumption of gasoline by national navigation is 378.612 Tons also obtained from the same field survey mentioned above. The consumption of gasoline by road transport is the total minus the amount used by national navigation.

D. commercial / institutional sector

Table 2.14 describes the fuels used by this category as well as the CO₂ emissions.

Table 2.14.  Fuel types used by the commercial/institutional sector
 

In this table, the consumption of gas/diesel oil is mainly spent on space heating. This is estimated at 7.05% of total gas/diesel oil import based on reference [8,6]. The use of LPG in this sector is estimated at 9.986% of the total LPG import to the country.

e.   residential

Table 2.15 describes the fuels used by this category as well as the CO₂ emissions.

Table 2.15.  Fuel types used by the residential sector
 

In this table, the consumption of gas/diesel oil is mainly spent on space heating. This is estimated at 8% of total gas/diesel oil import based on reference[8,6 ]. The use of LPG is estimated at 75.59% of the total LPG import to the country. The consumption of wood is based on the assumption that 5% of the existing 800,000 Lebanese families use wood at a rate of 4 Tons per year [11]

F.      agriculture / forestry / fishing

In this sector, only gas/diesel fuel is used under the stationary category. This accounts for 22% of total gas/diesel oil import based on reference [8]. Table 2.16 describes the fuel consumption as well as the CO₂ emissions.

Table 2.16.  Fuel types used by agriculture/forestry/fishing
 

2.2.5 VERIFICATIONS

Since in this inventory two approaches are followed, there is a need to verify the results in order to be sure that they match. This can be confirmed by comparing the results of the sheets related to the reference approach with the results documented in the sheets entitled “Review”, where information has been collected from various sectors.

2.2.6 SUMMARY OF INVENTORY RESULTS

As a summary, tables 2.17 to 2.21 provide information on fuels used and GHG emissions by fuel source, by fuel type, by sector and by non-CO2 emissions.

Table 2.17. Summary of results by fuel source
 

Table 2.18. Summary of results by fuel type
 

Table 2.19. Summary of results by sector
 

Figures 2.12 and 2.13 show the percentage contribution of CO₂ emissions by fuel sources and fuel types respectively. Figure 2.14 provides information on percentage contribution of various sectors to CO₂ emissions. The percentage contribution of various sectors to non-CO₂ emissions are shown in Figs. 2.15-2.20.

Fig. 2.12 Contribution of fuel sources to CO2 emissions
 

Fig. 2.13 Contribution of fuel types to CO2 emissions
 

Fig. 2.14 Contribution of various sectors to CO2 emissions.
 

Fig. 2.15 Contribution of various sectors to CH4 emissions.
 

Fig.2.16 Contribution of various sectors to N2O emissions.
 

Fig. 2.17 Contribution of various sectors to NOx emissions.
 

Fig. 2.18 Contribution of various sectors to CO emissions.
 

Fig. 2.19 Contribution of various sectors to NMVOC emissions.
 

Fig. 2.20 Contribution of various sectors to SO2 emissions.
 

Table 2.20. Summary of results of non-CO₂ emissions, Gg
 

Table 2.21. Summary of results of SO₂ emissions, Gg
 

Click here to view Table 2.22

References:
[1]. The revised 1996 IPCC guidelines for national Green House Gas Inventory. Reference Manual, (Vol. 3).[2]. The revised 1996 IPCC guidelines for national Green House Gas Inventory. Work book, (Vol. 2).
[3]. Bank of Lebanon. Annual Report (in Arabic), 1994.
[4]. Electricity in Lebanon, EDL (in Arabic), 1997.
[5]. Communication with Mr. S. Chehab, President, ALME, Menages Urbains, Bilan Energetique, 1995.
[6]. Communication with Mr. S. Abi Said, Director, Department of Studies, EDL.
[7]. Republique Libanaise, Presidence du Conseil des Ministres, Administration Centrale de la Statistique, “Bulletin Statistique”. No. 95/4, 1995.
[8]. Environmental Resource Management. Final Report on the State of the Environment in Lebanon.  Funded by the World Bank. 1993.
[9]. Communication with the Director of Fuel Department, Beirut International Airport.
[10]. Communication with the Directors of Ports of Beirut, Saida, and Tripoli.
[11]. Survey made by Dr. R. Chedid at AUB.
[12]. Communication with Mr. M. Sleiman, CDR.
[13]. Communication with the Directors of Saint George and Riviera Hotels.

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