Acknowledgement

Introduction

Table of Contents

Appendices

- National Circumstances
 
- Greenhouse Gases Inventory
 
- Energy
 
- Industrial Processes Inventory
 
- Solvent and Other Product Use

- Agriculture
 
- Land Use Change and Forestry
 
- Waste Management
 
- Summary of Baseline Scenario
 
- Baseline Scenario Without
  Climate Change

- Expected Impacts of Climate Change
 
- Project Proposals & Recommendations
  for Future Work
 
- Bio-Climatic Zones
 
- Constraints Facing Climate Change Studies

 
2.3.1 INTRODUCTION

Lebanon, in its recovery process from after the war has made efforts to actively participate in international forums related to the environment and the climate. Studies aimed at understanding the causes of environmental problems and their societal impact are now favourably supported by the Government of Lebanon, universities and non-profit groups. Industrial sector is one of the targeted sectors for survey and assessment study of its environmental implications through waste production and disposal. In 1994, industry in Lebanon accounted for 14% of the total GNP compared to agriculture accounting for 26% and the service sector accounting for 60%.

This work objective is to conduct a greenhouse gas emission inventory of the industrial processes in Lebanon for the year 1994. Six gases are known to be significant greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs). Industrial sources in Lebanon, which contribute to significant emission of these gases, are identified through IPCC guidelines (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and emission estimates are reported in Standard Tables format. Sulphur dioxide (SO2) emission sources and emission estimates are also reported for Lebanon. Other gases that do not occur naturally are the Chlorofluorocarbon and halons, which are used in refrigeration, air-conditioning, foam and solvent production. These gases are already being phased out worldwide.

For 1994 the inventory of the industrial processes uses methodologies taken from IPCC Reference Manual on Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories [1]. The sources of the compiled data have been obtained either from official governmental reports or directly from the concerned industries. The inventory has focused on the following relevant industries to greenhouse gas emissions in Lebanon:

- Cement production
- Lime production
- Road paving asphalt, and roofing asphalt
- Glass production
- Chemical compounds which include mainly sulphuric acid, fertilisers and plastics.
- Steel products where raw iron is imported.
- Aluminum shaping and extrusion factories.
- Paper & printing (raw material of dried pulp is imported).
Food processing which includes processing of local crops for sugar and wine production. It also includes meat and poultry and margarine. For the processes of bread making and coffee roasting, the wheat and green coffee are mainly imported.

The amounts of greenhouse gases released to the atmosphere via the above-specified industrial processes have been estimated using the IPCC methodology and emission factors. Where national emission factors varied from those of IPCC, the factors are discussed.

2.3.2 THE INVENTORY PROCESS

The inventory proceeded by identifying the process and emission greenhouse gases sources in the Lebanese industry. The industrial firms surveyed are: the cement production, lime, chemical products, asphalt roofing, paper and printing, cosmetics, foam and plastics, iron and steel, aluminum extrusion and food and drinks. A list of the industrial firms to be surveyed was prepared. Forms were sent to each specific industry requesting information about their production of relevant components of interest and the type and amount of fuel used in 1994 and the following years as available. Data was obtained from several sources for comparison with other industrial census and surveys conducted in Lebanon and reported by the Lebanese Government.

The first part of this sectoral report is concerned with emission estimations for each type of industry emitting greenhouse gases. The verification procedures used to check data are also reported. The completed set of inventory worksheets of IPCC on industrial processes is compiled in the Appendix.

2.3.3 ESTIMATIONS OF EMITTED GREENHOUSE GASES FROM VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES IN LEBANON (1994)

A. CEMENT PRODUCTION (CO2 & SO2 EMISSIONS):

There are two Portland cement plants and one white cement plant in Lebanon. Data was available on the total production of cement in 1994 from the Administration of the Statistical Centre of the Council of Ministers [3]. The data inspected reported that the fraction of lime in the cement produced in Lebanon is between 0.6 and 0.65. The value of 0.635 is used in our calculations of the emission factor (t CO2/ t cement produced). This is also the same default value reported in the IPCC guidelines for estimating emission factors of CO2 from cement, [2].

Worksheets 2-55 the Appendix give the estimated emissions of CO2 and SO2 due to cement production in Lebanon in 1994.

B. LIME PRODUCTION (CO2 EMISSIONS):

The companies that produce lime in Lebanon are the Lebanese Lime & Plaster Factory and the Middle East White Cement Factory. Data on lime production for 1994 has been obtained directly from the Lime Factories as shown in Table 2.23.

Table 2.23 Lime Production Data in 1994
 

The lime produced in Lebanon uses a kiln-calcite feed which has an emission factor of 0.79 tons of CO₂ per ton of quicklime produced [2,pp2.5]. Worksheet 2-56 of the Appendix presents the data for CO₂ emissions due to quicklime production in Lebanon in 1994.

C.  SODA ASH USE (CO₂ EMISSIONS)

Soda ash is not produced in Lebanon. It is imported and is mainly used in glass production. There are two major glass producers. One is located in Shuwaifat and the other in Shtura. The ratio of soda ash quantity used in tons per ton of glass produced was calculated as 0.169973, based on information provided by the factories. The details of the data are given in Table 2.24.

Table 2.24 Container Glass Production and Soda Ash Use in 1994
 

In 1994, the container glass production in the Shuwaifat factory was 32,211 tons and the soda ash used was 5,475. The Shtura factory produced 23,819 tons of container glass in 1994 and so the soda ash used is calculated as 4,048.6 tons.

The flat glass production was of 15,000 tons, which uses 2,549.595 tons of soda ash. So the total soda ash used in 1994 was 12,072.6 tons.

Worksheet 2-58 of the Appendix presents the data for CO₂ emissions due to soda ash production and use in Lebanon in 1994.

D.  PRODUCTION & USE OF MISCELLANEOUS MINERAL PRODUCTS:

D.1 Asphalt Roofing Production (NMVOC & CO Emissions)

There is one asphalt-roofing plant in Lebanon (CMC Construction Material Company SAL). The company imports the material and provides no data. The emissions from asphalt roofing production are estimated from the national total imported mass of the product. The data is obtained by considering the amount of asphalt imported as raw material. It is reported that in 1993, 51,000 tons of asphalt were imported, 108,839 tons in 1996 and 87,585 tons in 1997 [4,5]. The amounts of asphalt used as raw material for road paving is obtained from the Ministry of Public Works given in Table 2.25, for the years of 1994 through to 1996. The South Council and the Council for Development and Construction (CDR) also use comparable amounts of asphalt for road paving. Since road paving has been a major activity in 1994, it is acceptable to assume that 80% of imported asphalt is used for road paving and 5% is used for asphalt roofing.

Table 2.25 Asphalt Production Data
 

According to IPCC guidelines it is possible to assume that all of the asphalt not used for road paving is blown [2]. The emission factor in kg NMVOC/ton asphalt roofing produced is taken as 2.4 for a no control blowing process, using table 2.3 of IPCC guidelines [2]. The emission factor for CO is taken for a blowing process as 0.0095 using Table 2.2 of the IPCC guidelines [2].

Worksheet 2-59 (1&2) of the Appendix present the data for NMVOC & CO emissions due to asphalt roofing production and use in Lebanon in 1994.

D.2 Road Paving With Asphalt (NMVOC Emissions)

The quantity of road paving material used in Lebanon by the Ministry of Public Work in 1994 has been 10586. There are two other major sources of road paving asphalt: the South Council and the Council for Development and Construction. The total quantity used in road paving is estimated from the amount of asphalt that was imported in 1994. The data is shown in Table 2.25. The emission factor of 0.023 kg of NMVOC per ton of paving material used in the asphalt plant, is obtained from IPCC guidelines reference volume [1]. The emission factor of 320 kg of NMVOC per ton of paving material used in the road surface, is obtained from the IPCC guidelines reference volume [1].

Worksheet 2-59 (3) of the Appendix presents the data for NMVOC emissions due to asphalt road paving in Lebanon in 1994.

D.3 Glass Production (NMVOC Emissions)

The total amount of container glass produced in Lebanon is already reported from the factories and is given in Table 2.24 of this report. The flat glass production amount is obtained using a maximum production capacity of 1.86 Million m²/year of flat-glass, [5]. This is converted to tons using an average glass thickness of 5mm and an average density of 27700 kg/m³ ,so that the estimated glass production in tons = 1.86 x thickness 0.005* density*1000. Assuming that the flat glass production is at 60% of its maximum value, then a final value is obtained for glass production in tons in 1994. The emission factor of 4.5 is obtained from the revised 1996 IPCC guidelines [1].

Worksheet 2-59(4) of the Appendix presents the data for NMVOC emissions based on total amount of glass produced in Lebanon in 1994.

E.  PRODUCTION OF CHEMICALS

E.1 Production of Sulphuric Acid (SO₂ Emissions)

The only chemical produced in Lebanon that contributes to greenhouse gas emission is the sulphuric acid. The amount of sulphuric acid produced in Lebanon is reported to be 135,000 tons per year [6]. It was extremely difficult to get data directly from a list of 5 major chemical producing companies. The companies do not disclose such information so as not to be liable for pollution.

Worksheet 2-10 (5) presents the data for SO₂ emissions based on the total quantity of sulphuric acid produced in Lebanon in 1994.

F.  IRON & STEEL PRODUCTION (CO₂, NO_X, NMVOC, CO& SO₂ EMISSIONS)

The total production capacity of steel mills in Lebanon is of 480,000 tons [5]. The total amount of raw iron imported to Lebanon was 273,965 tons in 1994, [3]. It is assumed that all imported raw material is used by the factories. The density of produced steel is about 98% of the raw iron due to the added carbon in the steel processing using rolling mills. One ton of raw iron produces on average about 1.015 tons of steel. So the total estimated steel production for 1994 is 278,074.5 tons. The emission factors used for green house gas production per ton of steel produced are obtained from tables 2-13 to 2-16 in the 1996 IPCC Guide Lines, [2].

Worksheet 2-65 (2&3) of the Appendix presents the data for CO₂ , NO_x, CO, NMVOC and SO₂ emissions based on the total quantity of steel produced in Lebanon in 1994.

G.  PULP & PAPER INDUSTRIES:

Paper industry is one of the major industries in Lebanon. It does not involve the production of dried pulp. The pulp is imported from other countries.

H.  FOOD & DRINK (NMVOC EMISSIONS):

H.1 Alcoholic Beverages:

Wine and beer are produced in Lebanon. Data has been obtained directly from the factories for the year 1994 and is shown in Table 2.26. Emission factors in kg NMVOC/ per hl beverage produced are obtained from table 2-25 in the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, [2]. Worksheet 2-67 (1) of the Appendix presents the data for NMVOC emissions based on the total quantity of alcoholic beverages produced in Lebanon in 1994.

Table 2.26 Alcoholic Beverages Production in 1994
 

H.2 Bread and Other Food Products:

Emission factors in kg NMVOC/ per ton of food produced are obtained from table 2-26 in the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, [2]. The main food processing industries in Lebanon include meat and poultry, margarine, biscuits and cakes, bread and coffee roasting.

Meat and Poultry production is obtained from the Arab Union of Food Industry Report, page 21, [7]. The production in 1991, 1992, and 1993 was 79,000, 80,000 and 80,000 tons respectively. It is also assumed to be the production of the year 1994.

Sugar production is obtained from two references, one is from the Arab Union of Food Industry Report,[7] and from the Trade Information Centre, Ministry of Economy and Trade.

Margarine production is obtained from the Arab Union of Food Industry Report, pages 14 & 48 in Tables 7 and 17 of Reference 7. The total production of olive oil in 1994 was 8000 tons. It is subtracted from the total production of margarine and oil which was 29,590 tons. This gave margarine production of Lebanon in 1994 as 21,590 tons.

Biscuits, cakes and bread are produced from wheat. The total amount of wheat imported and produced in Lebanon was 389,000 tons. Seventy five percent was used for bread production and 25% was used for cakes and biscuits. The amount of wheat used for bread making was multiplied by a factor of 1.2 based on the fact that each kg of wheat produces 1.2 kg of bread.

The amount of green coffee imported to Lebanon in 1994 is obtained from Reference 7, page 34.

The emissions of NMVOC are presented in worksheet 2-67 (2) of the Appendix based on the total quantities of various types of food produced in Lebanon in 1994.

I. EMISSIONS RELATED TO PRODUCTION OF HALOCARBONS AND SULPHUR HEXAFLOURIDE:

Lebanon imports all its needs of HFC’s and PFC’s for use in the refrigeration, air conditioning applications, in the aerosol, solvents and foam industry, and in the fire fighting sector. Those sectors are using the Ozone Depleting Substances. Lebanon has only recently ratified the Montreal Protocol on March 31, 1993. Since then Lebanon has been working in a country program for applying phase out measures on these substances. In 1994, the phase out process was not yet enforced. The ban on imports and use of the Ozone Depleting Substances started only in 1996. A chemical substitute of these substances such as HFC134a was imported in small amount (2 tons) to Lebanon in 1993, [8]. It is assumed that in 1994, also an equal quantity was imported. The quantities of HFC’s imported are expected to increase substantially in the following years after the ratification of the Montreal Protocol (1993) and they have to be included in any future inventory. In this report only the bulk potential halocarbon emissions is calculated based on the amount imported [1,2]. This is summarised in Worksheet 2-69 (1-3) of the Appendix. No information or data was available on product imports and exports of items containing halocarbons and sulphur hexaflouride for the year 1994. Actual emission estimates of these gases were not possible.

2.3.4 CLOSURE OF THE INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES INVENTORY

In 1994, the Lebanese industry emitted 1924.063 Gg (1,924,063 Tons) of carbon dioxide, 0.0003 Gg (300 Tons) of carbon monoxide, 0.01112 Gg of nitrogen oxide, 273.888 Gg (273,888 Tons) of non-methane volatile organic compounds and 3.382 Gg (3382.6 Tons) of sulphur dioxide.

Uncertainties and limitations are associated with the estimated greenhouse gas emissions. The emissions reported for industrial processes in Lebanon reflect current best estimates. Thus the reported emissions inventory provides a foundation for the development of a more detailed and comprehensive Lebanese inventory in the future. Specific limitations include: a) Quantitative estimates for some sources of greenhouse gas emissions were not always based on data obtained from specific sources, but from bulk imports of certain products; and (b) the accuracy of the inventory estimates relies heavily on emissions factors available from the IPCC Guidelines [1,2]. These factors are used in the Lebanese inventory. These factors may differ for some local industrial processes because of differences in the raw material used.

Click here to view Table 2.27

References:
- The Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Reference Manual (Volume 3).
- The Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Workbook (Volume 2).
- Republique Lebanaise, Presidence Du Conseil Des Ministres, Administration Centrale de la Statistique, "Bulletin Statistique", No. 95/4, pp. 15, 1995.
- A. Hajj, "The oil bill", Saphir Newspaper, issue of Feb.2, 1998, pp.9. Tables 1 & 2 obtained from the Ministry of Oil.
- Environmental Resource Management Report on the state of the environment in Lebanon. Funded by the World Bank and conducted by the EDL, pp. 112, table 7.3b, 1993.
- Ministry of Environment Study report, Lebanon, Feb.13-15, 1996.
- F. Jabr, "Lebanese Food Industries Report" Arab Union for Food Industries. Report Submitted to the Ministry of Industry, 1993-1994.
- Ministry of Environment, Report of the Country Program of the National Working Committee on Ozone Depleting Substances in Lebanon, March 1996.

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