Lebanon was the excellent host for the oldest civilisation and the Lebanese have found uses for renewable resources since the discovery of red-dye in shellfish (Murex) and used cedar wood to build boats and ships. The silk industry once perfected in Kartaba has moved west to Cordoba in Spain and farther west to Cordova in Argentina. Ancient activities, coupled to population pressures and inadequate planning, have resulted in the degradation of the environment and relatively worn out ecosystems. Right after World War I, awareness of the value of genetic resources of plants was realised and some seed collections started since 1930. With the establishment of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), more focus was made on the productive values of commercial plants and animals. Lebanon was a major participant in the United Nations programs and in the FAO activities. During the last few years, the Lebanese society has taken serious steps and given more attention to environmental issues that have a direct impact on the public such as industrial discharges, domestic waste and wastewater as well as air pollution. Lebanon has recently signed a number of international conventions dealing with nature conservation including the Convention on Biological Diversity. The government and non-governmental organisations have been actively involved in resolving and developing better understanding to environmental problems through awareness campaigns, international conventions and legal approaches. The conservation and sustainable use of natural resources are major objectives of both public institutions and private societies at the international, regional and national levels. Regional organisations are focusing on problems related to ecosystems rather than socio-political boundaries. Population growth is leading to an increased consumption of natural resources and excessive demand, which results in exhaustion, impoverishment or extinction of these resources whether they are of biological nature (renewable) or material (non-renewable). The earth is facing serious environmental problems including pollution, soil erosion, climate change and ozone layer depletion. These gross changes in the environment, combined with increased human pressures on natural resources have a global impact on the loss of biodiversity. Humans have discovered, used and altered very few biotic resources to fit their needs through domestication and selection. They also have used wild species very extensively in many societies. The domestication process is a continuous phenomenon of life. Species diversity refers to variation within a region among species of taxonomic diversity or richness in number of species. Ecosystem diversity covers communities or associations of species in terms of their abundance, structure, pattern, and changes, and in terms of interacting processes of predation, parasitism and mutualism. The Lebanese ecosystems are small and tight, and their biotypes are definitely struggling against a changing environment. Wildlife represents those biotypes whose commercial and social values are not yet exploited. However, the national ecosystem is very rich, 9119 species (identified 1996) of which 4633 are plants and 4486 belong to the animal kingdom. Lebanon has established legal commitments to participate in regional and international activities related to conservation and use of environment resources. These commitments include the Arab Center for Studies in Arid Regions (ACSAD), International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA), Arab Organisation for Agricultural Development (AOAD), International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Mediterranean Higher Education (CIHEAM) and International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI). Lebanon has also ratified or signed all international conventions related to global resources management and having direct or indirect impacts on biodiversity, such as The Basle Convention, The Montreal Protocol, The Convention to combat Desertification, Climate Change, Cultural and Natural Heritage (Paris 1972), Wetlands and the Convention on Biodiversity. At the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), held on June 5, 1992 at Rio de Janeiro, Lebanon was among the 156 nations who signed the convention. On December 14, 1994, Lebanon ratified the convention and complied with its objectives to study, save, use and share benefits resulting from biodiversity. To satisfy Article 7 of the Convention , the Country Study on Biodiversity was carried out during 1995-1996 with assistance from GEF/UNEP-UNDP in co-operation with the Ministry of Agriculture. Ongoing projects related to international conventions and receiving GEF assistance are Climate Change, Protected Areas (P.A), Ozone Office, Sustainable Development and Networking (SDNP), Capacity Building (C 21) and Biodiversity Enabling Activity. II- STATUS OF BIODIVERSITY IN LEBANON 2.0- Overview Lebanon is a highly mountainous country (3090 m highest peak) with extreme variability in climatic conditions, soils, and socio-economic status. With its long coastal strip becoming urbanised, it is certain that natural and commercial vegetation are under over-exploitation. The largest area in Lebanon is that covered by mountains, sparse grassland and desert areas ~ 31%. Agricultural and annual crops cover over one fifth of the country and it is reported that a high proportion of the population (30-50 %) is involved in agriculture or related activities. Grazing areas with grassland and forbs add up to 15 % of the total area and barren rocks cover an area similar to forest land ~ 7%. Fruit trees are famous, popular and satisfy local needs with some export potential. The total area covered by these trees is over 5% and includes vineyards, deciduous fruit trees, citrus and bananas. Olives continue to constitute a major old, durable crop and are most abundant in North and Mount Lebanon areas. Vegetables are grown in winter and summer and provide a continuous market supply. The Mount Lebanon area used for vegetable production is the largest, being close to city market facilities. Lebanon, being a small country, is a favourite area for the study and conservation of various flora and fauna. For each geographical region characterised by its own sociological features, there is a group of special plants and animals that reflect certain particular ecological conditions. However, this variability and the favourable climatic conditions are the direct cause for human overpopulation (400 inhabitants/km2) which exercises severe destructive pressures on the environment, and endangers the biodiversity state. In Lebanon, over 9119 species of plants and animals were identified (20% estimate) and a higher number (43500) remains to be identified. Plant species count is 4633 and the animal kingdom species are 4486 . 2.1-Terrestrial Biodiversity Regarding the terrestrial flora in Lebanon, half of the wild species of fodder plants are endangered due to uncontrolled urban development, over-grazing, and land reclamation which constitute a great threat to the habitat. Other types of plants are estimated to have a higher endemism and are not at a great risk of extinction. However, ferns face a 45.2 % risk, endemic plants 41.3 % and medicinal plants 6.8 %. The destruction of the vegetation cover by various factors has disturbed the overall terrestrial fauna. A wide variety of vertebrates, of which birds are the most abundant, are nowadays at a lower risk of extinction, specially after the decision of the government and the Ministry of Environment about banning hunting activities. Invertebrates, particularly insects, form the most abundant and widespread group of land fauna. Spiders are highly vulnerable and 21.8 % are endangered. Many wild animals were already extinct by the beginning of the 20th century, like the Syrian brown bear, the Asian leopard, the Persian lynx, the deer, the Arabian gazelle and the golden hamster, in addition to the lion which had disappearthe 16th century. Other species close to extinction include the wolf, the wild cat, the mongoose and the squirrel, whereas the rare species include three shrews, eleven bats, the weasel and the spiny mouse. Still exists a variety of vulnerable species like the four species of batsand, the common field mouse. The reptiles stand at 16.3 % risk, birds at 11% and mammals at 6.9 %. 2.2-Fresh water Biodiversity Many disturbances affecting sources and rivers weaken fresh water communities. This results in the elimination of the ecologically weak species, specially those sensitive to pollution, and an increase in the number of taxa with high ecological valence. Drainage, pollution and human interference have drastically changed the fresh water ecosystem, and resulted in a high proportion of endangered species. Quarries and sand removal activities had for a long time a major impact on both the flora and fauna and the surrounding environment. However decisions to plan these activities are relatively helping in conserving the remaining areas. The risk of extinction on fresh water fauna is very high for Plecoptera (81 %), Coleptera (11.4 %) and Ephemenoptera (8.7 %). Crustaceans are 8.2 % at risk, fish 4 % and molluscs 3.0 %. 2.3-Marine Biodiversity The marine and coastal flora and fauna in Lebanon are considered to be Mediterranean with some sub-tropical elements. Phytoplankton, which includes all microphytic algae, constitute the basis of the food chain in the sea through their primary productivity. The micro and macrophytic benthic algae are highly affected by coastal pollution. In addition, macro-zooplanktons are highly abundant in the Lebanese water and of various types, including crustaceans, which are prevalent, as well as fish species which are disturbed by early fishing and unsafe fishing methods. Savage urbanisation, industry, domestic wastes, garbage and illegal fishing methods are stressing and damaging local biodiversity. Because of the coastal sand and pebble extraction and urbanisation, the sighting of turtles and Mediterranean monk seals is a rare phenomenon, even though there is a recent unconfirmed report of sighting of monk seals in North Lebanon. The sea horse is also severely threatened by loss of habitat. Of particular significance is the loss of local terraces which are rich in biodiversity and unique to this part of the Mediterranean. 2.4-Agro-Biodiversity The construction of touristic resorts and other different projects had lead to the destruction of large sensitive zones where biodiversity is strongly endangered. The Introduction of new, more profitable crop varieties in place of traditional ones is exerting pressure on landraces and wildlife in the area. One shouldn’t ignore the effect of overgrazing and natural hazards in destroying the natural habitat of many wild plants and animals. Livestock biodiversity includes the wild types and local breeds which are quickly disappearing from the rural areas, in addition to other domesticated species that are not economically significant anymore. Furthermore, wild relatives are threatened by extinction due to excessive hunting or change in habitat and the local breeds are gradually being replaced as a result of their poor competence. Farmers who still have interest in landraces and local breeds are becoming fewer with time as they all belong to the elder generation. Monoculture and imported technologies overwhelm the agricultural system and make the local germplasm highly incompetent in comparison to the economic quality and production of potential of the new systems . III - Current Capacities for Biodiversity Management The free economical system and the democratic regime allow for a multi-organizational system to exist in terms of higher education, agricultural research, environmental science and related training. Biodiversity education is still at infant age, though environmental awareness is expanding at a rapid rate and new curricula include environment education at elementary and secondary education levels. University education is trying to satisfy socio-economic requirements. Faculties are being developed to cater for applied sciences and technological subjects. There are surpluses of graduates in many fields and a definite shortage of specialists in Biodiversity. Instruction courses are being added to curricula in some faculties, and germplasm research started few years ago with international and bilateral support. The present situation of Lebanese institutions involved in research and training is highly encouraging. Lebanon hosts over fifteen higher education institutions involved with general aspects of student training, but very few universities have programs directly related to biodiversity issues. The faculties of agriculture and sciences at the Lebanese University (LU), the American University of Beirut (AUB), Saint Joseph (USJ) and the Holy Spirit University (USEK) have programs focussing on environment and Biodiversity . Many institutions are young and depend on part-time specialists, specially the Faculties of Agriculture at Saint Joseph and SaintEsprit universities. It is evident that the institutional analysis carried out in 1997 indicated some kind of specialised interest in each involved institution. Saint-Joseph University has recently started a program on eco-tourism which sounds attractive to the Lebanese society. The National Council for Scientific Research and particularly the National Centre for Marine Sciences have the necessary minimum of manpower and facilities, and are involved in serious environment and biodiversity assessment programmes. Interdepartmental programs (AUB) are being implemented to cover sustainable development and conserve nature. These programs help in the establishment of centres of excellence for research and training in specified fields. Various reports have indicated the need for taxonomists, and some even consider that taxonomists are not only endangered but are on the way of becoming extinct. In Lebanon, over 9119 species of plants and animals were identified (20% estimate) and a higher number (43500) remains to be identified. Non-governmental organisations are expanding in size, number (35), and efficiency in raising environmental issues to top priorities of mass media, resulting in the involvement of the public and its contribution to more logical decisions. A sizeable number of NGO’s focuses on Biodiversity with evident interest in the plant kingdom, notably, trees. Many NGOs are young and consequently need to build their own capacities. Research to identify, study, conserve and use these species is needed. Institutions have to be strengthened to carry out these activities. Training is badly needed in the fields of taxonomy, genetic resources, conservation (in-situ, ex-situ), ecology, resource management, forestry, planning and data processing. Conservation of Biodiversity is a new venture to the Lebanese public institutions. There was formal awareness about environmental management and conservation long ago. The summary of activities in terms of legislation and biodiversity value to the decision makers, shows that in the past few years a sizeable number of habitats was declared and legalised as protected areas (a total of 10). The Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Environment are joining hands to encourage the political system to take decisions for the benefit of biodiversity conservation and richness in Lebanon. The ten-year development plan, started in 1993, did not include any direct budget allocation to biodiversity conservation. However, health and environment received 7 % of the total budget, and wastewater projects received 13 %. Irrigation and agriculture received $360 M from the plan. These have direct and indirect relationships with the status of biodiversity. Bilateral and international support are directly related to biodiversity issues and the three protected areas declared by law (Horsh Ehden, Palm Island and Arz-El-Chouf) are temporarily totally managed and operated via international financial resources. All other protected areas decreed lawand statutory order receive formal support in either administrative, legal or financial forms. Very recent legislation (October 1998) established the wetland reserve of Tyre beach, south of Tyre, as a natural habitat for marine and fresh water biodiversity. Lebanon started management of resources since 1921 (Fishing), 1925 (Water pollution), 1939 (Protected Areas), 1949 (Forest code), 1952 (Hunting), 1974 (Hunting council) and legislative activities continued slowly in the eighties and speeded up in the nineties. Adoption, ratification and implementation of international conventions -- directly or indirectly related to natural resource management, conservation and sustainable use of Biodiversity -- were major objectives and rushed activities of the Lebanese Government recently. Public awareness and participation thrive in fertile grounds in Lebanon. There are seven local television stations, which provide free access in educational issues. A major proportion of the Lebanese society has access to Internet and satellite information. The press media coverage is enormous; the number of daily newspapers exceeds 15, weekly and monthly magazines exceeds 20, and pamphlets, posters, guides, and other publications are countless. Some of these publications are issued in French and English. Of notable value to Biodiversity are two magazines: Environment and Development (published privately) and Environment (published by MOE). Both consistently cover biodiversity issues. Activities on biodiversity are very frequent and receive full support from all media. Beirut also publishes more books than all the countries of the region. Apparently, Lebanon seems to be overqualified in terms of educational institutions and awareness media. IV - Purpose The overall purpose of this National Strategy and Action Plan is to provide a framework for the protection, restoration, sustainable use, monitoring and benefit sharing with stakeholders of all biodiversity in Lebanon. This would be accomplished through:
V- Guiding Principles The Lebanese recognise that:
We are proud to live in Lebanon, where:
We acknowledge and appreciate that:
We are very keen to: VI - Management and Conservation of Biodiversity 6.1- Terrestrial Ecosystems and Natural Habitats Goal To protect Lebanon’s terrestrial biodiversity from degradation and ascertain their availability for environmental and economic benefits. Objective 1 Provide stability for the ecosystems to permit the establishment of ecological equilibrium. Analysis (Rationale) The absence of well-established data sets hinders us from getting a precise idea about both qualitative and quantitative distribution of Lebanese terrestrial ecosystems. Depending on the source, the means of evaluation and the definition of the different natural habitats, the area covered by these ecological units varies between 58 % and 63 % of the total surface of the country.
Rough estimates also apply for the distinction between forests, shrub lands and grasslands whereas, in some cases, the term rangelands regroups the two latter categories as they are evenly grazed. However, the majority of expert judgements agree that forests surfaces reach approximately 7 % only. Based on these estimates, trends indicate a decrease in forest surface (134,703 ha in 1965 v/s 119,774 ha in 1997) and an significant increase in cultivated areas (132,743 ha in 1961 v/s 296,554 ha in 1997). We are far from the 20 % forest coverage that Lebanon should have. It is only fair to mention that the MOE and MOA give more and more consideration to this issue. While MOE deals with the problem of “protected areas” and the “law of environment”, MOA has elaborated in 1987 a short term plan to boost terracing, reforestation, fire fighting, forest management, as well as other practices. The problems affecting the biodiversity of Lebanese natural habitats can be divided in two major categories, according to their origin: natural or man-made.
The first group includes all the events that are due to extreme climatic phenomena e.g. excessive snowing, flooding, drought, global warming, fire hazards occurring from lightning or from an exceptional elevation in temperatures during the drought season. The second category results from uncontrolled and/or abusive anthropogenic activities such as:
The consequences are as much alarming as they are numerous and widespread, especially when some of them reach an irreversible stage. It is well known that alteration and, a fortiori, disappearance of the vegetation cover modify the flow of matter and energy through the ecosystems. The four provincial workshops held previously highlighted the major impacts on the Lebanese natural habitats. They are mainly:
Strategic Response The Ministry of Agriculture is planning to:
On another hand, the Ministry of Environment is facing a lot of problems for undertaking necessary actions to conserve and to protect the environment. This is mainly due to the shortage in qualified human resources and the reluctant collaboration of the institutions involved in the same process. The Ministry of Environment is planning to:
Action Agenda Immediate term (short) 1-3 years
Medium term 3-5 years
Long term 5-10 years
Targets and Indicators The final target is to establish full natural green cover to contribute in water saving, air purification, climate stability and biodiversity conservation under natural conditions. The indicators to use are: plant intensity, reappearance of species thought extinct or endangered, leaf area midi, plant age (s) and size(s), species richness, and changes in fauna populations and species. Objective 2 To manage forests and ranges for productivity and sustainability. Analysis Forest management is a sustainable and multifunctional process. It aims to ensure the perenniality of the ecosystem, to maintain its potentialities, and to improve and sustain its functions. Lebanese forests have particular features (complexity, fragility, and specificity). Any undertaken actions have multiple impacts (soil evolution, micro-fauna) and could be irreversible for a long time. Benefits are a long -term objective, thus implying sustained efforts. Concerning the natural environment, the socio-economic needs, farmer practices, physical characteristics, vegetation, trees, shrubs and richness in fauna, harvest of forest resources is an eminent need. Sensitivity maps of natural habitats can be drawn, based on factors such as topography, nature and structure of the vegetation. Forests are also a source of accessory or secondary products (seedlings, medicinal and industrial plants, fruits, mushrooms, honey). This issue is to be seriously considered due to the positive socio-economical interest of these products amongst the local population. In fact, and to the opposite of wood production, this mode of exploitation is widely spread in Lebanon. Unfortunately, it is completely uncontrolled and over-practised, especially when it comes to charcoal and wood art manufacturing. On the other hand, picking of pine kernels is well organised, particularly in private-owned forests whereas public woodlands are totally neglected. Proper forest management satisfies present and future needs of men in terms of products (timber, art wood, firewood, industrial plants, game animals) and services (biodiversity conservation, environmental protection and equilibrium, recreational activities). Main Constraints
Lack of co-ordination, law enforcement incentives and individualism. Strategic Response The Lebanese government is ready to: (1) implement sustainable use practices taking into consideration the complexity of the social and legal systems, and the ecosystems fragility, and (2) update and implement the law of forests and provide incentives for communities caring properly for their forest and range areas. These actions require co-ordination between the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Tourism, and the Ministry of Municipalities, as well as the law enforcement and the promotion of public awareness by the Ministry of Interior. Action Agenda 1.Establish a forest management plan. 2.Build up capacities that are currently poor. 3.Co-ordinate between involved institutions (Agriculture, Environment, Research and Education). 4. Organise hunting to sustain equilibrium in ecosystem, provide economic incentive and allow for a recreational sport activity. 5. Reduce grazing pressure and develop pasture conditions to maximise animal products. 6. Reduce tourism (e.g. no visits during fire hazard season, Sept-Oct). 7. Choose the optimal criteria (age and diameter) for a sustainable use. 8. Determine the ideal structure of forest tree populations. 9. Spatial and temporal organisation, in other terms planification, of all actions considering each and every previously identified forest product or service. 10. Follow-up and monitor (1) to make sure that the suggested actions are correctly undertaken, (2) to correct any occasional mismanagement, and (3) to be able to supply quick remedy for any natural hazard outburst. Targets and Indicators The major target of managing terrestrial biodiversity is to adopt practices leading to sustainable use with local community involvement. Indicators to use are wood harvesting (quality and quantity), recreational activities and their socio-economic impacts, number and extent of fires, amount and value of medicinal and aromatic plants. 6.2- Fresh Water Biodiversity Conservation Goal To conserve fresh water biodiversity, manage and wise use fresh water resources sustainably. Objective To save, use and study biodiversity in fresh water ecosystem. Analysis Total fresh water for Lebanon is estimated at 9.2 BCM, of which 4.3 BCM are considered as overflows from seasonal rainfall. The reis ground water. Lebanon houses fifteen permanent-flow rivers and twenty-three rivers having seasonal flow. The topography of the country having two chains of mountains running from the north-east to the south, with various elevations up to 3000 m, impose various micro-environments for terrestrial and fresh water biodiversity. The western Mount Lebanon chain rainshadows the Bekaa’ valley and results in a relatively dry and cold area. The Anti-Lebanon mountains, east of Bekaa’ valley are more inland and receive lower amounts of rain. Higher humidity over the Mount Lebanon concentrates water sources on the western side. Only three rivers start inland. The Assi, in northern Bekaa’, flows north through Syria, the Hasbani flows south through Palestine, and the largest Lebanese river, the Litani, crosses the Bekaa’ valley southwards and winds west inside the southern valleys ending along the South Lebanon coast (Qasmieh). All other rivers flow west from Mount-Lebanon directly to the Mediterranean so they are relatively very short. The Kabir river is the longest and is less than 60 km long. The highly variable flows and the steep, stony slopes give difficult and characteristic environments for the hardy plants and animals. There are 1100 water sources (fountains) starting on mountain slopes or sides and offering permanent flows to some rivers and a source of domestic and irrigation water for the villages scattered all over the country. Many of these sources are valuable in terms of tourism, heritage, and water quality. The largest flows (sites of attraction) are noted for Jeita (main source of Beirut water), Afqa, Yammouni, Ain Zarka, Wazzani, Safa, Shamsine and Berdaouni. Marine fresh water sources are noted all along the Lebanese coast. These sources are not yet exploited. They may add to the wealth of Lebanon in this important resource. Located at about 500 meters from the coast, the Chekka source is estimated to provide 300 million cubic meters annually. Also 300 - 400 million cubic meters may be the estimated flow of Qasmieh source. Other sources are noted in the sea waters around Saadiate, Wadi El Zeina, and Sour. There are probably other sources that need further identification. The dams, ponds and pools system in Lebanon is not very extensive. The only dam of Qaroun has a capacity of 220 million cubic meters. Artificial lakes of notable size are Mrouj, with a capacity of 380 thousand cubic meters, and Kawashri, with a capacity of 120 thousand cubic meters. Perhaps, the most threatened forms of life, under the prevailing conditions in Lebanon belong to organisms inhabiting the fresh water ecosystems. Water is a limited resource in semi-arid areas. Though Lebanon is considered a wet country in comparison with countries of the West Asia region, the present water use on per caput basis is expected to drop from 1533 m3 to 767 m3 by the year 2025 if water resources are not managed properly. Management, need and the present way of life, requiring enough water for irrigation, household use and industry, resulted in extreme pressures on the freshwater ecosystem which was already fragile and harsh for the Lebanese geomorphology. The seasonal rhythm of typical Mediterranean rainfall and the steep slopes of most river basins constitute very drastic pressures on fresh water organisms. Most river flows are seasonal, dry basins are the norm and organisms native to these habitats are very hardy, and should be able to survive under these hard variable conditions. Piping fresh water for urban use, bottling the highest quality water, improving irrigation systems by cement canals or pipes, lining drainage canals along road sides, and pumping water for irrigation had negative effects on moisture availability on the fresh water ecosystem. Chemicals from factories and sewer wastes have changed the nature of the rivers they are dumped in. The Ghadir river, crossing Kfarchima through the Southern suburbs of Beirut, is a dead river. No living organism can be found in Ghadir waters as these waters are heavily polluted with factory wastes. Visitors of the touristic valley of Bardaouni, Zahle’, can tell from the smell, that the amount of sewer water exceeds that of fresh water during the low-flow season, which starts in mid-summer. Practically all distant areas from coastal cities, have the problem of sewers discharging into lower areas, mostly valleys, aggravating the upper fresh water system and endangering the underground water with pollution. Over 70 % of fresh water sources, tested (1996), were polluted. The open-bottom sewer tanks and sewer surface discharge constitute a serious pollution hazard to groundwater. Biological indicators of pollution are increasing in most fresh water sources and the degradation in habitat is definite. On average, the Lebanese have a low intake of about 4 kg of fish yearly, and, in some cases, may have no fish protein intake at all, because of unequal food distribution. Fish protein is the cheapest among meats, especially that coming from fresh water sources. Single cell proteins are efficiently produced by a large number of algae (Spirulina sp.) that are abundant in Lebanon waters, and may be economically used. Fresh water fishing is practised as a hobby. Fish species inhabiting fresh water sources are not numerous and their carrying capacity is low. Direct risks combined with indirect ones may lead to a catastrophic situation. The use of explosives, poisonous chemicals, and small-eyed nets for fishing reduces fish populations and endangers other plant and animal species. Chemical and organic pollution of water canals, storage dams, and pools constitute a threat to biodiversity in aquatic habitats. The almost complete disappearance of Mugil fish from the Awali river near Sidon, is an example of pollution and over-fishing. Main Constraints
Strategic Response The Lebanese government is spending lots of efforts to conserve nature. Multi-institutions are involved in activities related to fresh water issues. The importance and strategic richness of fresh water is widely recognised. Expansion of storage reservoirs (dams, lakes), well-drilling, hydro-electric powerplants are responsibilities of the Ministry of Hydro-electric Resources. Irrigation water plans are executed by the Ministry of Agriculture. The Ministry of Public Works is in charge of road construction and riverbed management. Industrial and municipal pollutants to fresh water come from various sources with different administrative references. These institutions will integrate plans and join in activities related to keeping the fresh water habitat wet, clean and natural. The government will also build capacities (locally and overseas) to manage more scientifically fresh water biological resources. Action Agenda Immediate term (short) 1-3 years
Medium term 3-5 years
Long term 5-10 years
Targets and Indicators The main target of fresh water conservation is to reduce the number of endangered species and provide a habitat for biodiversity richness. Indicators to use are:
6.3 - Marine Biodiversity Conservation Goal To protect Lebanon’s coastal and marine Biodiversity and develop their resources in a sustainable way. Objective 1 To protect coastal and marine ecosystems and Biodiversity. Analysis The Lebanese coastline is about 220 km long along a north-south axis in the eastern Mediterranean. Along the coastline there are 3 bays, several headlands and river deltas. The coast is sandy or pebbly. Typical rocky terraces represent an important feature of the coast. Most of the sandy beaches and sand dunes to the south of Beirut have been lost to development and urbanisation. Beach erosion, sand and pebble extraction from the coastal areas and river beds, together with coastal erosion are major problems that need to be addressed. The Lebanese coastline is highly industrialised (relative to other parts of the country) and has a very high population density. It is home to 70 % of the population, and about 73% of the national GDP is produced in the coastal zone. Illegal constructions have created irreparable damage to the coast. This state of affairs coupled with lack of law enforcement and land use plans has resulted in the gradual exclusion of the public from the coastal zone .As a result there is apathy and, at times, a lack of co-ordination amongst the various stakeholders. The Advisory Council for the Environment that will set -up through the Ministry of Environment is expected to take on this co-ordinating role. It is fortunate however, that there are still a few coastal areas that have preserved their natural biotopes and beauty. These, together with a number of river valleys, must be protected along with the Palm Island reserve. It is precisely along this thinking that marine turtles, after a long absence, have recently been spotted. The coastal waters, however, allow for a rich biological system. The marine ecosystem comprises 1685 species of fauna of which 50 are commercially important fish species .The number of planktonic primary and secondary producers is over 1250 species. These await proper documentation and conservation because they are subjected to pollution from land based sources (industry, sewage discharges, power plants and oil lines just to mention a few). Main Constraints Lack of institutional capacity, non-oriented legislation, and hesitant law enforcement are major constraints in addition to budgetary restrictions (more significantly inefficient budgetary allocations and waste). On the other hand, the absence of co-ordination and harmonisation of various competing needs and requirements further complicates an already difficult situation, thus causing irreversible damage to the ecosystem and biodiversity. Strategic Response The government of Lebanon will enhance the public awareness through the well-developed media and education system. Institutional capacities will be built by expanding recruitment and training of specialists, locally and overseas. More budget is allocated to alleviate sources of marine pollution and to introduce clean industrial practices. Legislation will be reviewed, updated and consolidated. Action Agenda Immediate term (short term) 1-3 years
Medium term, 3-5 years
Long term, 5-10 years
Targets and Indicators The main target should be having a natural ecosystem with a minimum of human disturbance and yet allowing for natural and non-destructive recreational activities. Indicators to monitor should include:
The indicators to monitor in the marine ecosystem consist of:
Objective 2
To use marine and coastal resources in a sustainable manner by creating partnerships with the stakeholders, in particular, the local communities. Analysis Fishing in Lebanon is traditional and should remain so. There are no trawler fleets as there are no trawling grounds. Statistics on fisheries including number of fishermen and fishing boats are at best educated guesses. It is estimated that the annual catch is between 4,000 and 6,000 tons. Imported fish, mostly from Turkey, Egypt and from the Gulf, amount to 6,000-10,000 tons per annum. Based on these estimates annual fish consumption per capita stands at 3-5 Kg. Fresh local fish are well appreciated by the Lebanese, even though market surveys indicate a lack of specialised knowledge as to the origin of the fish people normally order in restaurants as local fresh fish. There is potential in developing and marketing the high value of local fish. This will increase the market value of the local fish and consequently fishermen will be more appreciative of the value of legislation aimed at their conservation and sustainable utilisation. It is unfortunate that lack of law enforcement and illegal fishing practices are stressing the populations. In the absence of any studies on fish stock assessment, it is not possible to confirm the belief that some of these quality fish are becoming rarer. Mostly because of financial considerations, Lebanese have abandoned many of their traditional cottage industries that were linked to the sea. There are numerous salt extraction ponds that could be revitalised, coupled with other traditionally coastal practices such as olive oil and carob extraction. A whole new meaning could be given to the idea of the integrated village along the coast. In this context, it is relevant to consider introducing new industries such as aquaculture like in neighbouring countries such as Cyprus. Such practices will ease the pressure on wild stocks and, at the same time, will provide employment to fishermen. Main Constraints Weak law enforcement and need to legislate or modernise existing legislation. Focussing soleon sectorial interests (fi) without giving due consideration to other interests because of the lack of co-ordination amongst stakeholders and incentives for alternative activities. Absence of in-service or adult education campaigns. Because fishermen are a vocal group, there is apathy on the part of the politicians as regards any action which could be perceived as limiting the activities of fishermen. Past experience has shown this to be true. Strategic Response The government undertakes to update legislation and to enforce fishing regulations. There is a need to educate fisherman before issuing fishing licenses and to explore possibilities of introducing alternative activities. These activities traditionally rest within the authority of the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Interior, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Transport. Action Agenda Immediate term, 1-3 years
Medium term, 3-5 years
Long term, 5-10 years
Targets and Indicators The target is to exploit resources sustainably. Indicators to monitor are:
6.4 - General Measures for the Conservation of Agrobiodiversity in Lebanon Goal To protect Lebanon's agricultural diversity from degradation, and to maintain agricultural resources availability, while maximising both environmental and economic benefits. Objective 1 To protect the agricultural ecosystems and to maintain native biological diversity. Analysis Lebanon is currently experiencing a tremendous loss of biodiversity primarily due to the conversion and degradation of habitat. Biological resources are degraded and lost through activities such as:
The increase in population growth and associated development has led to an unprecedented rate of genetic erosion. Agrobiodiversity in Lebanon is further diminished due to economic inflation, poverty, negligence and illiteracy of a significant proportion of people. Sustainable land use practices are not common in Lebanon, natural and agricultural reserves are not available, and the support of the national authorities and international community is limited. Native biological diversity is a natural resource that must be protected and maintained. To maintain and increase the levels of agricultural productivity, agricultural ecosystems must be protected and wholly or partly conserved. Main Constraints
Strategic response The government should set priorities to enforce and implement existing environmental policies and measures to help preserve and conserve our natural resources. Sustainable policies and regulations must also be updated or initiated. Ministries are required to propose agricultural land use planning and zoning. The planning policies must be enforced through penalising and removing illegal constructions and developing arable lands. Also, land classification and land use coding must be introduced as soon as possible. Innovative approaches to in-situ and on-farm conservation must be initiated along with policies for management of soil, vegetation and animals. The government should recognise the rights of the farmers. This includes the right to benefit from, to share and to further develop germplasm, as well as the right to refuse appropriation and commercialisation. Establishing procedures for Prior Informed Consent in order to prevent biopiracy is also essential. Action Agenda Immediate term (short) 1-3 years
Medium-term, 3-5 years
Long-term, 5-10 years Establish a central genebank, where the different aspects of ex-situ conservation are performed via 1) survey, collection and preservation of genetic resources; 2) evaluation and documentation of the collected material; and 3) breeding based on clearly defined goals and objectives. Targets To establish the National Steering Committee for the Conservation of Agrobiodiversity (NSCCA) as soon as possible. This committee will be the main coordinating body in charge of planing and monitoring the execution of the long, medium and short-term actions of the BSAP. Indicators Within 6 months, the BSAP must have been adopted by the parties involved in the NSCCA. The founding meeting must takeplace before June 1999, and mbe accompanied by an awareness campaign about the BSAP and the NSCCA. Objective 2 To protect agrobiodiversity from deleterious agricultural practices, and to develop and implement policies and practices to minimise loss in genetic diversity. Analysis Misuse and abuse of land have been two major causes of arable land degradation. Deforestation, wastes and agro-chemicals are relatively as important as the misuse of lands in the rural areas. Indiscriminate and uncontrolled use of pesticides, as well as over utilisation of agricultural systems is leading to genetic erosion and loss of agrobiodiversity. Immediate development of policies to control pesticide use, studies to assess their impact on biodiversity, as well as public awareness campaigns are needed. Agrobiodiversity conservation depends on sustainable use of resources upon which agricultural production is based. Therefore, sustainable agriculture and integrated natural resources management are key factors for maintaining agrobiodiversity.
Main Constraints
Strategic Response The Ministry of Agriculture will be required to review their present mandates and policies in terms of introduction of new crop cultivars, livestock and technology. A policy and campaign for public awareness and training in agrobiodiversity must be developed. Action Agenda Immediate term (short), 1-3 years
Medium-term, 3-5 years
Long-term, 5-10 years Develop a better understanding of the impacts of the loss of genetic variability due to chemical stress. Targets To increase the use of sustainable farming practices in order to enhance agrobiodiversity conservation. These practices include integrated pest management and soil and water conservation. Indicators
Objective 3 To establish a national biodiversity database for documentation and monitoring of biodiversity. Analysis Little information is available on status and trends of agrobiodiversity in Lebanon. The lack of consistent, comprehensive data on the diversity components at the national level indicates that more information is required to understand and manage agrobiodiversity. No comprehensive database was found on the status and changing trends in use of native food crops, native plants, mirco-organisms and livestock. Another important concern is the absence of co-ordination of available data among concerned agencies and limited research on agrobiodiversity. Accessible information on existing biodiversity, collaborative research, and standardised methods of assessing biodiversity are essential prerequisites for successfully monitoring agrobiodiversity and predicting future problem areas. Main Constraints
Strategic Response The government should establish a national agrobiodiversity database accessible and useful to policymakers, scientists and the public. The government should support the development and implementation of environmental awareness programs at public and private educational institutions. Also, assessment and monitoring of biodiversity must be established in collaboration with national and private Universities, research institutions, and agencies. Action Agenda Immediate term (short), 1-3 years
Medium- term, 3-5 years
Long-term, 5-10 years Establish an environmental research station to study the ecological changes over time. Target Increased involvement of academic, research, education and media community in agrobiodiversity. This will contribute to broadening the knowledge base while remaining in touch with the population. Indicators
Objective 4 To develop partnerships with the environmental community at the national, regional and international level. Analysis Conserving biodiversity cannot be a viable option unless all parties in the agricultural sector, at all levels, are involved in conservation efforts. Links with other international bodies should also be encouraged. Strategic Response The government should collaborate with private, regional and international agencies to achieve the ultimate goal of sustainable agroecosystems. The government must establish and maintain national, regional and international partnerships to develop the national biodiversity network and promote sustainable agriculture. Action Agenda Immediate term (short), 1-3 years 1. Limited co-ordination between the CBD, intergovernmental and NGOs, the private sector, local communities and academic institutions for the conservation, utilisation and benefit sharing from agrobiodiversity. 2. Investigate potential linkages with the Biotrade Initiative, the ICGB Program and other international initiatives, particularly with regard to controlling bioprospecting and ensuring sustainable benefits. Target Impart financial dimension to agrobiodiversity in order to monetarize benefits from conservation. This will serve to sway the opinion of policy makers and to help persuade farmers to cooperate. Indicators
6.5 – In-Situ Biodiversity Conservation in Lebanon Goal To conserve biodiversity under natural conditions and establish a balanced ecosystem where plants and animals evolve naturally. Objective Expand and manage the areas system in terrestrial, mand fresh water environments. Analysis Considering the great climatic and geomorphologic diversities in Lebanon, there are about forty protected areas in the country. These are distributed everywhere: in the north, centre, and south of Lebanon, at different elevations in the mountains as well as in the plains and islands. The protected areas in Lebanon are often considered either as locations for exotic vacations, or as prohibited areas for visitors. To modify this situation, these protected areas have to procure more advantages to the country, especially to the local communities. Therefore, they don’t have to contribute only to the conservation of biodiversity, but also to sustainable human development, by modifying their management. Therefore, actions have to focus on the prevention of threats against the protected areas, as well as the needs for economic development of the surrounding population. Hence, measures have to be taken for the development of each protected area taking into account benefit sharing, sustainable use and considering incentive measures as long term viability components. 6.2.1)- Nature reserves These are managed by the Ministry of Environment, with the assistance of the Global Environment Facility and UNDP. The nature reserves authorised by law are three, namely, the Palm Islands, the forest of Ehden, and the Chouf Cedars reserve. The wetland reserve of Tyre Coast, Sour, has been recently (October 28,1998) added. Palm Islands Reserve represents an eastern mediterranean marine island ecosystem and is made up of the Palm, Sanani and Ramkine islands. The islands and surrounding water constitute a natural marine basin with a surface area of 5 km2 and lie 5.5 km north-west of the city of Tripoli. They form an integrated marine nature unit close to the shoreline. Twelve species of birds visit the islands for spring-summer nesting, and 153 migratory species are visitors of which 7 species are endangered. Forty-two species rest on the islands before reaching inland areas for nesting. Reports indicate that the sand beaches of the islands were egg laying sites for sea turtles such as the loggerhead Caretta and the Green Turtle Chelonia mydas. The islands are full of wild flowers and medicinal plants. Lizards, snakes and distinctive bats are also present. Horsh Ehden Reserve represents a mountainous ecosystem of the northern mount Lebanon chain (1200 - 2000 m) having a total area of 10 km2 of which 405 km2 are forested naturally. It is located 3.5 km from the summer resort of Eden, 35 km from the city of Tripoli and 100 km from Beirut. Temperatures vary from -5 to 25 0C, and snow cover lasts four months. Horsh Ehden has one of the larger stands of the native Cedar of Lebanon Cedrus libani with thousands of trees of elegant stature. Mixed in with the cedars are conifers such as the high juniper Juniperus excelsa , and broad-leaved trees such as the maple Acer tauricolum , and the endemic wild apple Malus trilobata . The total number of tree species is 39 of which 10 are endemic. Other plants count 1030 species and there are 300 mushroom species. Horsh Ehden is a sanctuary for resident and migratory birds (150 species), spring, and summer breeders and winter visitors. Many are endangered. It also has many of the surviving and threatened native mammals, and is home to a variety of reptiles and amphibians particularly snakes, lizards, turtles, salamanders, frogs, toads and newts. Al-Chouf Cedars Reserve represents a mountainous ecosystem of central Mount Lebanon chain. Its altitude varies from 1200 to 1900 meters and is made up of series of peaks, the highest culminating at 1948 meters, parallel to the sea. Al-Chouf Cedars is the southern-most limit for the cedar of Lebanon Cedrus libani, and despite the heat and dryness of the area, the cedar has adapted by sending down deep roots. The flora of the area is represented by a wide variety of trees, shrubs, grasses and herbs. Al-Chouf Cedars is one of the last remaining areas in Lebanon where larger mammals that once roamed the region can still be found, or can be reintroduced. An impressive number of birds use this protected area as a resting area during the annual migrations. Tyre Coast Reserve–Sour is located south of Sour and has the potential to host fresh water and marine biodiversity, the Ras-El-Ein was established as a natural reserve by the end of Oct. 1998. 6.2.2)- Protected zones Several communal woods and terrains were declared as protected zones by decrees from the Ministries of Agriculture or Environment. There are fourteen of these, like the reserve of Karma Chbat, the nature reserve of Saissouk and the Cedar groves of Tannourine and Hadath-el-Jobbe'’. Karm Chbat reserve is an area of 3 million m2 located 10 km South - East of Kobeiate (the biggest city in old Akkar). Elevation varies from 1450 m (Safsafah) to 1950 m (Rooster Peak). It is estimated that 150,000 trees of cedars, abies, junipers and coclan cover this forest with an average of 20 m2 for each tree. This relatively thick forest houses all types of animals, birds, shrubs and medicinal plants. Of notable existence are squirrels, foxes, wolves, hyenas, wild boars, hedgehogs, turtles, reptiles and various insects like wasps and bees. The forest is also rich in birds like the pheasant, falcon, vultures, and others. The species of berberies is an underground bush with edible fruit providing good feed to wildlife species. Kutteira or “Shilsh El Zallouh” or Ferula hermonis Boiss is predominant at high elevations in Karm Chbat forest. This herb is becoming almost as popular as the blue “Viagra” pill due to its aphrodisiac property. Economic harvesting of this herb was prohibited by the Ministry of Agriculture. Saissouk, a very active and enthusiastic community in Akkar, conserved and protected the natural resources of one million m2 of slopy land in that area. The natural vegetation consists mainly of pines and other Quercus species. It is an excellent habitat for various birds, wild animals, and aromatic and medicinal plants. This protected area gained formal and local attention; in the past two years, over 75,000 transplants of pines, carob, Cupressus and Casuarina were planted with assistance from MOA and the Lebanese army. Of notable interest in Saisouk, are the plans to build a visitors’ tourist centre, a road access and a local pheasant farm. Tannourine and Hadath El-Jebbeh is one of the popular high-elevation areas, starting at 1200 m and going up to 2200 m. It is located at the leeward side of the middle Mount Lebanon area. Rainfall varies from 900 to 1500 mm. The area is rocky and mountainous with sharp slopes, deep valleys (Ain El Raha), and high erosion potential leading to complete desertification or barren slopes as is the situation in many high elevation areas of the Lebanese mountains. The most abundant and sacred trees are the cedars. This area is distinctive as the native land of Cedrus libani. Other companion trees are Quercus, Cupressus, Pinus, Abies, Populus, Platanus, Juniperus and Pistacia, and constitute a very rich ecosystem in plant species. The fauna described as being present in this type of unique ecosystem ranges from the various types of birds (eagles, owls, robins, etc…) to wild animals (hyenas, boars, wolves, squirrels, snakes, bats, and rats). Urbanisation (sand removal) constitutes a high risk on top of other natural hazards on this ecosystem. 6.2.3)- “De facto protected zones” These zones have been conserved and protected as a result of private initiative, as is the case of the pine forest at Bentael and Yammouni ‘s fault. Bentael is the first protected area which was developed by a non-government organisation in 1980, at a time when environmentalists started to influence public opinion. The land in Bentael is public and reserved for the protection of plants and animals that are specific to this habitat at elevations varying between 300 and 850 m elevation. Bentael means the daughter of God in the old Syriac language and the protected area is the new daughter of nature in the Lebanese environment. The ecosystem is predominated by pine , and few other plant types are present. The habitat is also rich in birds and animals. The existence of this protected area in the early eighties has helped the emergence of many other areas in the different parts of the country. The Yammouni area is an interior valley located at 1100 m elevation with highly specialised characteristics. The Yammouni valley represents a geologic fracture between the two continents of Asia and Africa along the Eastern Mediterranean. The fresh water at this elevation and location constitutes a special ecosystem for animals (fish, reptiles, and birds), and plants (junipers, abies, cupressus and cedars) .The golden fish, thought to be extinct in this habitat, is believed to exist in small ponds and in few numbers. Rehabilitation is badly needed for this unique species of fish and distinct habitat. The medicinal plants, numerous at such habitats, have a very high potential and are important for future economic development. The legislation to establish Yammouni as a natural reserve is underway and soon it will add to the list of protected areas by law. Main Constraints Protected areas are the most attractive issues socially and politically. Their development faces a number of obstacles as:
Strategic Response The Lebanese government emphasises the value of nature conservation and the role protected areas play in providing a healthy environment, rich in Bio-Diversity and natural resources. Many archaeological and natural sites were designated as national heritage in view of protection and conservation. The environment code is in its final legislative phase, while the law of forests is in its final form awaiting implementation. The law of protected areas is in the preparation phase. The government and various involved institutions are ready to implement actions to safeguard the Lebanese ecosystems including protected areas. The Ministry of Agriculture plans to implement the fire-fighting system to control fire in forests and protected areas more effectively. The Ministry of Environment facilitates and encourages planning and legislation of protected areas. The protected areas project, sponsored by GEF / UNDP and implemented by IUCN receives full support and hospitality from the Ministry of Environment. The protected areas implementation system is recent and willingness to participate in research, studies, expansion, development is always expressed by involved ministries (Ministries of Environment, Agriculture, Tourism, Information, and Transport) and private and public institutions (CDR, CNRS, AUB, LU, USEK, USJ, NGO’s, newly elected local authorities, municipalities, etc.). Action Agenda Immediate term (short) 1-3 years
Medium term 3-5 years
Long term 5-10 years
Targets and indicators The overall target of establishing protected areas and conserving Biodiversity in-situ is to profit from the numerous advantages of in-situ conservation. Allowing plants and animals evolve naturally, keeping their entity, and making use of their qualities should be the major aims of protected areas. The indicators to use in evaluating and monitoring the progress of conservation are:
6.6Urban Biodiversity Consevation Goal To conserve Biodiversity ex-situ, utilising existing capacities. Objective 1 To protect endemic species using urban and landscaping habitats. Analysis The requirements of the urban expansion and the development of the country’s infrastructure are among the most severe, yet least controllable threats to Biodiversity .One of the requirements of this urban (and rural) expansion is the landscaping issue. Nowadays, it is almost impossible to conceive a road without alignment trees, a city without squares or public gardens, and houses without gardens. Local nurseries did not have time to adapt to the fast reconstruction rate of the country, and grow high quality trees, shrubs and plants to meet the increasing demand. Besides, the Lebanese prefer by far commercial activities over production. It seems so much easier for them to import and sell ornamental plants, rather than grow and care for them several years. This phenomenon has evolved into a very flourishing business, leading to the opening of tens of “ nurseries ” all over the country. The Lebanese flora is very rich in species that could be used for landscaping and ornamental purposes. In fact, some of the imported plants belong to the natural flora of Lebanon, like the Celtis australis, Cercis siliquestrum, Laurus nobilis, Populus nigra, Arbutus andrachne, Myrtus communis, Rhododendron ponticum and other species. Among the imported plants with local relatives belonging to the same genus, we cite: Abies, Cedrus, Juniperus, Quercus, Acer, Prunus, Pyrus, Crataegus, Malus, Platanus, Pinus, and Pistacia. Formerly, the Lebanese have always used some of the native plants as ornamentals, like oaks, cedars, firs and Celtis. They have planted them next to religious monuments and along roadsides. Despite the over-exploitation of the natural resources, our ancestors used to value the trees and plants, so much that some of our villages or streets have their names derived from them: Ain El Roummeneh (Punica granatum), Gemmayze (Ficus socomor), Yarze (Pinus halepensis), Ain -El - Kharroubi (Ceratonia). The development of the productive nursery sector should be encouraged. This would allow for the multiplication of ornamental plants of Lebanese provenance and for the production and marketing of high-quality plants for landscaping. This would certainly lead to the revalorization of several forest resources and the creation of new jobs. The nursery business would involve the identification of the mother plants or populations, the collection of reproductive material, and production. The development of the production sector should not inhibit or stop the importation business, as some of the imported plants do not exist in the natural flora of Lebanon, and still have some important ornamental values. However all imported plants should be of certified origin, free of pests and diseases, and, why not, submitted to quarantine regulations as well as import taxes. Strategic Response Public and private institutions are to join hands in increasing public awareness of the importance of local production on the economy and the future of Biodiversity in Lebanon. Action Agenda Immediate term (short) 1-3 years
Medium term, 3-5 years
Long term, 5- 10 years
Targets and Indicators The main target is to minimise on imports of exotic plants and animals and use local germplasm as much as possible. The indicators to use are: import records, sales, kind and number of plants used in landscaping. 6.7Biosafety Goal To protect natural ecosystems from invading species. Objective To protect natural ecosystems and indigenous genetic biodiversity from the purposeful introduction or accidental release of exotic or genetically engineered plant and animal species. Analysis Plant introduction, and movement of living organisms from one place to another started with human settlements and established civilisations. Ecosystems have the capacity to absorb, adjust and evolve naturally with the newcomers of plants and animals. However, the movement of living organisms caused severe epidemics to plants, animals and humans. Plague, cholera, small pox, potato and maize blights are historic spots in the records of various civilisations. In essence, fear from the unknown is always exaggerated but reasonable. The rapid achievements of modern biotechnology resulted in new plants and animals genetically engineered for specific uses and economic reasons. Countries lacking developed technologies are hesitant and cautious to accept, understand or digest the ideas behind or the practices ahead of biotechnology. Medium technologies caused monoculture in plants and animals and endangered the natives. Introduced aggressive types competed, got established and dominated local biotypes. Agricultural plants and animals are mostly non-domestic species. Action Agenda
6.8- International Cooperation Goal To share global responsibilities in use; conservation and management of biodiversity. Objective To ensure effective participation in international and regional conventions, protocols, agreements and technical programmes regarding biodiversity. Analysis During the last few years, the Lebanese society has taken serious steps and given more attention to environmental issues that have a direct impact on the public such as industrial discharges, domestic waste and wastewater as well as air pollution. Recently Lebanon has signed a number of international conventions dealing with nature conservation including the Convention on Biological Diversity. The government and non-governmental organisations have been actively involved in resolving and developing better understanding of environmental problems through awareness campaigns, international conventions and legal approaches. The conservation and sustainable use of natural resources are major objectives of both public institutions and private societies on the international, regional and national levels. Regional organisations are focusing on problems related to an ecosystem rather than a national socio-political country level approach. Lebanon had a very active role in the establishment of international organisations as FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation) in 1945, in the declaration of human rights (UN) in the sixties, and in the founding of ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas) in 1977. Lebanon is also a very active member in the organisation of The Arab League and its various development agencies. Regional and international co-operation are foregranted issues to the Lebanese and their government. Strategic Response The government has always responded positively to international efforts, approaches and activities. Action Agenda
Targets and Indicators To insure participation, exchange information, share benefits and ascertain the Lebanese presence in international Fora. The indicators to use are: Regional and international workshops held locally, number of activities attended by Lebanon externally and number of proceedings with Lebanese contributors.
6.9 - Strategy Implementation Goal To share knowledge, costs and benefits with individuals and communities. Objective To implement the strategy and action plan in partnership with all relevant organisations. Analysis The traditional and permanent gap between legislation and implementation may be considered as an indicator to the socio-economic situation. The Lebanese have always been described as very careless in abiding by the law. Law enforcement agencies are numerous and implementation of action plans does not receive high priority unless higher authorities give maximum care, interest and will. The MOE has played a very important role in planning and raising public awareness issues, pushing the administrative system to take immediate action in the direction of conservation of natural resources and management of environmental issues. Main Constraints Biodiversity issues relate to many private and public institutions. Inter-institutional co-ordination is still below high expectations. Development issues overshadow the importance of Biodiversity. The distribution of responsibilities and actions covers numerous institutions. Strategic Response Willingness to co-ordinate and co-operate is invariably expressed by public institutions and individual authorities. The mechanism has to be strengthened and standardised. Action Agenda Immediate term (short), 1-3 years
Medium term, 3-5 years Develop appropriate institutional arrangements for effective strategy and action plan. Targets and indicators The main target is to implement the action plan in favour of biodiversity conservation. The indicators to use are numerous. National budget allocation, foreign source funding, establishment of (NBC) and (NBU), degree of inter - institutional co-operation and co-ordination and joint-program exploitation. VII - General Socio-economic infromation
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